The thorough evaluation of the rubber formulation indicated significant enhancements through intelligent inclusion of polypropylene glycol, modified starch, and ZnO. At first, problems related to processing & performance were addressed by adjusting the component level. In particular, PPG functioned as the softener, increasing flexibility at low tem

A careful evaluation of the rubber mixture indicated important improvements through intelligent inclusion of polyol, hydroxypropyl starch, and ZnO. At first, challenges related to fabrication and physical properties were resolved by adjusting individual ingredient loading. Notably, PPG served as a softener, enhancing low-temperature flexibility and